После изготовления отливки и поковки имеют неравномерности распределения микроструктурных составляющих и фаз, повышенную твердость, наличие остаточных внутренних напряжений, которые возникают вследствие неравномерного охлаждения и структурных и фазовых превращений. Это в значительной степени осложняет последующую механическую обработку заготовок резанием и давлением, а также способствует деформации готовых деталей, так как при удалении припуска равновесие напряженного состояния заготовки нарушается и она начинает деформироваться до тех пор, пока не достигнет нового состояния равновесия. Причем, чем больше припуски, тем больше деформация детали. Поэтому для устранения дефектов микроструктуры, для снижения уровня остаточных внутренних напряжений, уменьшения твердости, улучшения обрабатываемости, а также для повышения механических свойств отливки и поковки подвергаются различным видам термической обработки: отжигу, улучшению, нормализации, нормализации с высоким отпуском. В последние годы для этой цели, а также для снижения деформаций деталей после окончательной термической или химико-термической обработки используется изотермический отжиг поковок. На современных автомобильных заводах наблюдается следующее соотношение основных видов предварительной термической обработки: нормализация — 30 — 35%, нормализация с высоким отпуском — 3 — 5%, улучшение — 25 — 28%, изотермический отжиг до 30%.
В свою очередь, на обрабатываемость резанием влияет качество самой микроструктуры, ее составляющих и равномерности их распределения по объему детали. Качество микроструктуры определяется технологическими режимами термической обработки (температура нагрева, скорость охлаждения) и характером обработки (поштучная, групповая, однотипных, разные по форме и массе детали и т. п.). На производстве часто выходит из строя конвейерный ролик, найти его вы сможете на e-conveer.ru.
Оптимальная обрабатываемость резанием для различных сталей обеспечивается разными режимами термической обработки, например, для поковок из сталей 10, 20, 15Х — после ускоренного охлаждения до 950 — 970°С, из сталей 18ХГТ, 25ХГТ, 25ХГМ, 25ХГНМТ — после изотермического отжйга, из сталей 12ХНЗА, 20Х2Н4А — после нормализации с последующим отпуском при 640 — 680°С, из сталей 40, 45, 40Х, 40ХН — после нормализации при 880 — 900°С.
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