Глубина упрочненного слоя при обкатывании зависит от условий и назначения обработки. Если при чистовой и упрочняющей обработке глубина наклепа исчисляется десятыми долями миллиметра, то при упрочняющей обработке она на порядок выше и равна нескольким миллиметрам.
Пластическое деформирование предварительно наклепанного металла вследствие повышения его прочностных характеристик требует приложения большей нагрузки, чем это необходимо при деформировании этого же металла с отожженной структурой.
Процесс возрастания сопротивляемости металла после возникновения текучести называют вторичным упрочнением.
Упрочняющая обработка методами ППД отличается резкой неоднородностью наклепа различных слоев металла. Наклеп, вызывая значительный рост плотности дислокаций, сопровождается снижением плотности металла. Например, при холодной прокатке меди со степенью деформации 80% ее плотность уменьшается с 8,95 до 8,89 г/см3. Уменьшение плотности металла при холодном пластическом деформировании объясняется массовым развитием дислокаций и вакансий, способствующих образованию микропор и микропустот в деформированном, объеме.
Разная степень пластического деформирования обуславливает и неравномерность изменения объема различных слоев металла обкатанной детали, что и является причиной возникновения остаточных напряжений при поверхностном наклепе. Поверхностные пластически деформированные слои металла расширяются, стремясь занять больший объем. Этому препятствуют нижние упругодеформированные слои. После снятия нагрузки поверхностные слои металла несколько удлиняются, растягивая в силу сплошности металла внутри лежащие слои. В результате такого взаимодействия в наружном наклепанном слое возникают сжимающие напряжения, а в сердцевине — напряжения растяжения. Наружный сжатый слой составляет лишь небольшую долю всего объема металла, поэтому напряжения сжатия в нем значительно превышают напряжения растяжения внутренней зоны сечения.
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